Deep space communication - Past, present, and future

This paper reviews the progress made in deep space communication from its beginnings until now, describes the development and applications of NASA's Deep Space Network, and indicates directions for the future. Limiting factors in deep space communication are examined using the upcoming Voyager encounter with Uranus, centered on the downlink telemetry from spacecraft to earth, as an example. A link calculation for Voyager at Uranus over Australia is exhibited. Seven basic deep space communication functions are discussed, and technical aspects of spacecraft communication equipment, ground antennas, and ground electronics and processing are considered.