Digital PLL frequency synthesizers: Theory and design

Digital frequency synthesizers are discussed from the practical point of view, presenting only the necessary mathematical background and formulas. A number of novel techniques and approaches are shown, and special attention is paid to nonlinear effects and tracking behavior of phase/frequency loop fundamentals. Loop fundamentals are discussed, and the noise and spurious response of loops are outlined. Special loops are covered, and the analysis of PLL components is addressed, presenting practical details for low-noise oscillators, the influence of tuning diodes, frequency standard design, and nonlinear effects in digital tristate comparators. Wideband high-gain amplifiers are considered, including the requirements of loops with sampling frequencies above 100 kHz. Multiloop synthesizers are treated, including mix and divide, triple mix, and drift canceling loops principles. Rules for setting up complex loops are presented, and the use of microprocessors in frequency synthesizers and communications equipment is covered. The analysis and schematic details of three practical synthesizers are presented as design guides.