Operational aspects of the injection of spacecraft into geostationary orbit

The characteristics and problems of various orbit injections are considered in terms of the initial conditions, final orbit, and attitude. The injection procedure consists of flight dynamics events that are dynamic (spin rate and attitude maneuvers, attitude acquisition maneuvers, and orbital maneuvers), preparation, monitoring, and analyses of the events, and estimation orbit and attitude state. Additional considerations of ABM firing attitude and time is necessary during transfer into GEO. Attention is given to spacecraft stabilization, attitude measurement and reaction control subsystems, and real-time operations of the ground segment. Selection of the subsystems configuration, launch window, and mission requirements, leads to further choices for the apogee of ABM ignition, restrictions on the solar angle, and accuracy goals for fuel conservation.