Methodology for integration of HVDC links in large ac systems. Phase 1: Reference manual

HVDC transmission was found to be an attractive alternative to ac transmission in many situations. Evaluations of HVDC alternatives include technical, economic, environmental and sometimes regulatory considerations which are different than those for ac transmission. This research project resulted in the preparation of a HVDC reference manual which describes a comprehensive methodology for evaluating HVDC alternatives in utility transmission planning. Basic background information about existing HVDC systems is provided. The types of studies required and potential problems which must be dealt with are described. Also how the studies are usually run and what system modeling is required are discussed. Emphasis is place on the importance of proper control of the dc system and examples of control systems which were used were provided.