State-of-the-art survey of existing knowledge for the design of ground-source heat pumps

The gathering of design and performance information on historical and current ground coil heat pump systems, to assess the adequacy of available design methods, and to define near future R and D needs to promote the use of this technology is reported. The project was separated into two parts: (1) a review of the North American technology conducted by Battelle-Columbus; and (2) a review of European technology conducted by Battelle-Frankfurt. Descriptions of basic ground coil design configurations, operating experience, design methodologies, and reviews of costs of existing installations are included. It is found that further design method development efforts are necessary to provide installers and manufacturers with pertinent design information in order to stimulate further implementation of ground coupled heat pumps in the United States. A research effort is needed to develop parametric data on the design and performance of a ground coil during cooling using heat and moisture models.