Engineering to counter the EMP threat

This paper gives an overview of the techniques and processes used to protect or 'harden' electronic equipment against the effects of the Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP). Working from an engineering viewpoint, it not only considers how the threat operates and why it is a threat, but also it considers the measures that can be used to counter the threat and what these measures are attempting to achieve. Throughout it is stressed that once the decision to harden a new piece of equipment is taken, the effects of EMP must be considered during all stages of its development. The paper is then concluded with a list of the typical activities that this might entail.