Atmospheres of Late-type Stars

Recent progress in the study of late-type stellar atmospheres is discussed. New theories on the heating mechanisms of the outer atmospheres are briefly reviewed. Classical approaches to the study of photospheres of late type stars have included more opacity sources, notably the line absorption from atoms and molecules. Under the nonclassical approach, Nordlund's (1978), 1982) work on the simulation of convective motions in late type stellar atmospheres is briefly discussed along with other recent studies on the departure from LTE in late type stars.