Frequency synthesis by phase lock

The meaning of frequency is considered along with aspects of frequency synthesis, transformation to and from voltage or current, and mathematical operations on frequency. Attention is given to synthesizer types, phase-locked synthesizer, simple loop, linear operation, modulation, sidebands, noise spectrums, phase detectors, frequency dividers, more complex configurations, large-signal performance, acquisition aids, and spectral purity. A description is presented of the types of phase detectors, the effects of sampler on loop transfer function, Z-transform representation, filter placement, logic circuits used in synthesizers, heterodyning within the synthesizer, higher order loops, formulas for nonlinear behavior, the frequency discriminators as an acquisition aid, the search oscillator as an acquisition aid, and the measurement of frequency stability.