New approaches to surface structure determinations

New techniques for studying surface structures are examined with emphasis on techniques based on the use of photons, high-energy ions, and atoms. Techniques considered include: surface X-ray absorption fine structure, photoelectron diffraction, Bragg reflection diffraction, standing waves, photon-stimulated desorption, shadowing and blocking, secondary ion emission, helium diffraction, and neutron diffraction. The suitability of the new techniques for specific types of surface structure problems is discussed.