Jitter and error insertion in a digital signal

Standards based on CCITT recommendations, are given for the maximum permissible jitter and error rate at the inputs to digital transmission systems for the three hierarchy levels at 2.048 Mbit/sec, 8.448 Mbit/sec, and 34.368 Mbit/sec. Existing equipment for error measurement, jitter measurement and the generation of jitter is described. The causes of jitter and bit errors are investigated. Methods for the addition of any amount of jitter to the amplitude and frequency of a digital signal and for the insertion of an adjustable number of errors in a binary signal are indicated. A measurement unit is shown which can be equipped with exchangeable components for the transmission rate of the intended application and for the insertion of jitter or errors. Error insertion effects on digital transmission equipment are discussed after determination of maximum permissable amount of jitter.