A neodymium and strontium isotopic study of the Mesozoic calc-alkaline granitic batholiths of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Ranges, California

Plutonic igneous rocks of the Sierra Nevada batholith exhibit a range of Nd isotopic composition described by ɛ_Nd = +6.5 to -7.6. Similar rock types from the Peninsular Ranges have ɛ_Nd = +8.0 to -6.4. In both batholiths, ɛ_Nd correlates strongly with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Decreasing ɛ_Nd values are accompanied by increasing ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and increasing δ¹⁸O; the correlation with δ¹⁸O being more pronounced for the Peninsular Ranges. The ɛ_Nd values show regular geographic variations, as was found previously for initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Three metasedimentary country rock samples from the Sierra Nevada region have low ɛ_Nd values (-11 to -16) and Precambrian model Sm-Nd ages (1.5 to 1.9 Æ). The country rock ɛ_Nd values, and those of primitive oceanic island arcs (ɛ_Nd = +8), bracket the data for the batholith rocks. The Nd, Sr, and O isotopic data can be explained if the batholiths are mixtures of island arc and metasedimentary components, the latter being of both Paleozoic and early Proterozoic age. This model appears to be consistent with existing Pb isotopic data. Consideration of O-Sr isotopic relations and the variation of ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd with ɛ_Nd suggests that assimilation of crustal rocks by magmas rising from the mantle and undergoing fractional crystallization could have been the major process responsible for the mixing of crustal- and mantle-derived components. The isotopic data, when combined with assumptions about the structure of the crust beneath the batholiths, suggest that about 50% of the crustal material presently within the geographic boundaries of the batholiths and above the Moho represents juvenile crust derived from the mantle in the Mesozoic. The remaining material appears to be mostly derived from 1.8-Æ crust, yielding an average crust formation age of nearly 1 Æ for this section of the crust. This result, which may apply to large portions of the Cordillera, suggests that the average age of the North American continent may be greater than previously estimated. The concentration of Nd correlates well with ɛ_Nd in the batholith rocks and supports the conclusion that juvenile continental crust is derived from mantle reservoirs that are depleted in incompatible elements. A 1.5-Æ Sm-Nd model age for sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic(?) Calaveras Formation indicates that the Nd in this "oceanic" terrain is dominated by continental detritus and demonstrates the potential of Sm-Nd isotopic studies for aiding in construction of tectonic models.