Optimal control least-squares penalty finite-element analysis in convective heat transfer

Recent developments in convective heat transfer calculations using the optimal control least-squares penalty finite elements are discussed. Comparisons with previous work on upwind finite elements and the Galerkin approach are given. The procedure is first tested on a problem having an exact solution and then on example problems that other investigators have studied. It is shown that with proper choices of penalty constants, the convergence and accuracy can be better controlled by the least-squares penalty formulation than by other methods.