Electrical breakdown of gases - The prebreakdown stage

In this paper, a review of the theories and experiments devoted to the understanding of the development of the electrical breakdown of a gas insulated gap, i.e., the switching delay, is presented. The presentation is chronological. The classical Townsend and streamer models for breakdown are discussed, followed by a brief account of the continuous acceleration and avalanche-chain models. These last two models have been proposed primarily to describe breakdown at large electric fields. Then, the two-group model for breakdown at voltages above approximately 20-percent self-breakdown is presented. Finally, a brief analysis is given of the present state of the field and the direction it is taking.