The calculation of momentum and heat transfer in internal flows and in flows with small regions of separation

Numerical methods for solving boundary-layer equations are discussed and the application of the Box scheme to internal flows and to small regions of separated flow is decribed in detail. The Box scheme has previously been used with considerable success to solve a wide range of external two- and three-dimensional flows and is shown here to be equally successful when applied in internal and separated flows which require its use in an inverse manner. A nonlinear eigenvalue and a Mechul method are described: the former is simpler to use and is recommended for internal flow problems; the latter is more appropriate for calculations in and through small regions of separated flow. Turbulent flow is characterized by eddy-viscosity and eddy-conductivity assumptions which are shown to represent the mean-flow and heat-transfer properties, including transition, provided the location of the onset of transition is known.