Certain problems of turbulence and of turbulent heat and mass transfer

The field of the average characteristics of a turbulent flow in wall layers and channels is considered as the superposition of vortices moving over a surface, with their velocities determined by the extremum of some functional. A universal velocity profile is constructed for a fully developed turbulence and equations are obtained for the turbulent viscosity without using the concept of the mixing path and related hypotheses. The drag coefficients are calculated for flows over smooth and rough surfaces. The coefficients agree well with experimental data. Turbulent flows in channels having arbitrary cross sections are examined. The process of heat and mass transfer is described without using experimental constants. The description agrees well with experimental data over a broad range of Prandtl numbers.