Concerning the measurement of the surface temperature of powders with flat probes

The use of surface-temperature probes to record the moment of ignition, the surface-temperature of powders, and the heat fluxes to the surface is associated with systematic errors resulting from the finite thickness of the probe and the means by which the probe is fixed to the surface. Based on an analytical solution of a heat conduction problem for the powder and the probe, relations are derived for calculating the systematic errors under the assumption of an ideal thermal contact between the surface and the probe.