Discrete states of redshift and galaxy dynamics. I. Internal motions in single galaxies.

This paper develops the concept that the redshift can occur only in specific discrete values. The key to the development is a dual-redshift model for individual galaxies. Well-known local galaxies, especially M31 in great detail, are shown to consist of two basic opposed streams of outflowing material which have an intrinsic difference of redshift of 70-75 km/s. A smooth symmetrical rotation and expansion curve coupled with the multiple-redshift model is sufficient to account for all the redshift data. The paper is almost entirely empirical and draws upon large amounts of the best data available on galaxies. Where definite differences exist in the form of the data as predicted by conventional dynamics and the discrete redshift concept, the data favor the latter.