Refraction of electromagnetic waves in the earth's atmosphere
Abstract
A technique is presented for calculating the angles of total, true, and photogrammetric refraction of optical, submillimeter, and radio waves in the earth's atmosphere. This technique takes account of the exponential dependence of the refractive index on height as well as different distances of the emitter and receiver from the earth's surface. Analytical expressions are obtained for the angles of refraction, and special cases of general formulas are examined which correspond to different types of electromagnetic-wave refraction, including astronomical, atmospheric, geodetic, extra-atmospheric, atmospheric photogrammetric, and planetary refraction.
- Publication:
-
Propagation of Radio Waves
- Pub Date:
- 1975
- Bibcode:
- 1975prw..book...56K
- Keywords:
-
- Atmospheric Optics;
- Atmospheric Refraction;
- Electromagnetic Wave Transmission;
- Radio Wave Refraction;
- Tropospheric Radiation;
- Light Transmission;
- Lower Atmosphere;
- Refractivity;
- Submillimeter Waves;
- Communications and Radar