Electrostatic and electromagnetic high-temperature plasma traps

Approaches for insulating a plasma thermally with the aid of an electrostatic field are considered, taking into account the utilization of a field composed of two layers. Attention is given to the spherical focusing of particles, a plasma accumulation between virtual electrodes, pulsed injection, aspects of spatial and temporal focusing, ion acceleration from a spherical plasma layer, the interaction of ion currents with solid thermonuclear fuel, electrostatic confinement experiments, thermal insulation by combined electric and magnetic fields, the existence of a potential well, limitations concerning the plasma density in an electromagnetic trap, charged particle energy spectra, and aspects of particle lifetime and energy lifetime.