State-of-the-art of second generation image intensifiers

'Second generation' image intensifiers are customarily defined as those intensifiers that contain microchannel plates (MCPs). The MCP is the primary gain element in the tube. 'First generation' systems rely on electron acceleration to achieve gain. Second generation devices are available in both inverting and noninverting types and in image formats of 18, 25, and 40 millimeters. Particular attention is given to data concerning 25 mm inverting types. Aspects of current performance are examined, design parameters for improvement are considered, and device applications are discussed.