Generating atomically sharp p -n junctions in graphene and testing quantum electron optics on the nanoscale

Creation of high-quality p -n junctions in graphene monolayer is vital in studying many exotic phenomena of massless Dirac fermions. However, even with the fast progress of graphene technology for more than ten years, it remains conspicuously difficult to generate nanoscale and atomically sharp p -n junctions in graphene. Here, we realized nanoscale p -n junctions with atomically sharp boundaries in graphene monolayer by using monolayer vacancy island of Cu surface. The generated sharp p -n junctions with the height as high as 660 meV isolate the graphene above the Cu monolayer vacancy island as nanoscale graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in a continuous graphene sheet. Massless Dirac fermions are confined by the p -n junctions for a finite time to form quasibound states in the GQDs. By using scanning tunneling microscopy, we observe resonances of quasibound states in the GQDs with various sizes and directly visualize effects of geometries of the GQDs on the quantum interference patterns of the quasibound states, which allow us to test the quantum electron optics based on graphene in atomic scale.