Bound states in nanoscale graphene quantum dots in a continuous graphene sheet

Considerable efforts have been made to trap massless Dirac fermions in a graphene monolayer, but only quasibound states have been realized in continuous graphene sheets up to now. Here, we demonstrate the realization of bound states in nanoscale graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in a continuous graphene sheet. The GQDs are electronically isolated from the surrounding continuous graphene sheet by circular boundaries, which are generated by strong coupling between graphene and the substrate. By using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we observe single-electron charging states of the GQDs, seen as Coulomb oscillations in the tunneling conductance. The evolution of single-electron tunneling of the GQDs between the Coulomb blockade regime and the Coulomb staircase regime is observed by tuning the STM tip-sample distances. Spatial maps of the local electronic densities reveal concentric rings inside the GQDs with each ring corresponding to a single Coulomb oscillation of the tunneling spectra. These results indicate explicitly that the electrons are completely trapped inside the nanoscale GQDs.