Theory of a quantum critical phenomenon in a topological insulator: (3+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics in solids

We study theoretically the quantum critical phenomenon of the phase transition between the trivial insulator and the topological insulator in (3+1) dimensions, which is described by a Dirac fermion coupled to the electromagnetic field. The renormalization group (RG) equations for the running coupling constant α, the speed of light c, and electron v are derived. The almost exact analytic solutions to these RG equations are obtained to reveal that (i) c and v approach to the common value with combination c²v being almost unrenormalized, (ii) the RG flow of α is the same as that of usual QED with c³ being replaced by c²v, and (iii) there are two crossover momentum/energy scales separating three regions of different scaling behaviors. The dielectric and magnetic susceptibilities, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and the behavior of the gap are discussed from this viewpoint.