Recycling of sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising electrical power sources complementary to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and could be crucial in future electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Spent LIBs and SIBs both face many of the same environmental and economic challenges in their recycling, but SIB recycling has a much higher economic barrier. Although LIB recycling can be profitable by recovering high-valued metals of lithium and cobalt, the lower material valuation of spent SIBs diminishes profitability and may hinder industrial recycling. Pre-emptive strategies to facilitate recycling spent SIBs should be made during the early commercialization stage to ensure that SIBs are designed for ease of recycling, low operation costs and optimum efficiency. This Perspective article summarizes the material components of SIBs, discusses strategies for their recycling and outlines the associated challenges and future outlook of SIB recycling. The insights presented should aid scientists and engineers in creating a circular economy for the SIB industry.