A novel noise-adding radiometer

Very sensitive low-noise amplifiers designed to receive transmissions from spacecraft are not necessarily suitable receivers for radio astronomy. In the former case a good signal-to-noise ratio is required so that high data rates can be achieved. In the latter the ratio of signal to noise power may be as low as 10^-4 and the stability of receiver gain and that of all sources of noise during long integration times become of equal importance. This paper describes a novel solution to the problem, which allowed important astronomy to be performed while the ruby maser receivers belonging to the European Space Agency were installed on the Parkes radio telescope for an extended period of time.