Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds: Their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are released into the environment from different sources. They are mainly used in packaging industries, pesticides and food constituents. Clinical evidence, experimental models, and epidemiological studies suggest that EDCs have major risks for humans by targeting different organs and systems in the body (e.g. reproductive system, breast tissue, adipose tissue, pancreas, etc.). Due to the ubiquity of human exposure to these compounds the aim of this review is to describe the most recent data on the effects induced by phthalates, bisphenol A and parabens in a critical window of exposure: in utero, during pregnancy, infants, and children. The interactions and mechanisms of toxicity of EDCs in relation to human general health problems, especially those broadening the term of endocrine disruption to 'metabolic disruption', should be deeply investigated. These include endocrine disturbances, with particular reference to reproductive problems and breast, testicular and ovarian cancers, and metabolic diseases such as obesity or diabetes.
- Publication:
-
Environmental Research
- Pub Date:
- November 2016
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.011
- Bibcode:
- 2016ER....151..251G
- Keywords:
-
- 11-HSDs;
- 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases;
- 3-HSD;
- 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase;
- 5-Cx-MEHP;
- Mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) 1;
- 2-benzenedicarboxylate;
- 6-OH-MEHP;
- Mono-(2-ethyl-6-hydroxyhexyl) 1;
- 2-benzenedicarboxylate;
- AR;
- Androgen receptors;
- BBP;
- Benzyl butyl phthalate;
- BC;
- Breast Cancer;
- BMI;
- Body mass index;
- BP;
- Blood pressure;
- BPA;
- Bisphenol A;
- ButP;
- Butyl paraben;
- bw;
- body weight;
- DBP;
- Dibutyl phthalate;
- DDE;
- Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene;
- DDT;
- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane;
- DEHP;
- Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate;
- DEP;
- Di-ethyl phthalate;
- DIBP;
- Di-isobutyl phthalate;
- DMP;
- Di-methyl phthalate;
- dw;
- dry weight;
- E2;
- 17-beta estradiol;
- EC;
- European Commission;
- EDI;
- Estimated Daily Intake;
- EDCs;
- Endocrine disrupting chemicals;
- EFSA;
- European Food Safety Authority;
- ERRγ;
- Estrogen-related receptor gamma;
- ER;
- Estrogen receptor;
- ERα;
- Estrogen receptor α;
- ERβ;
- Estrogen receptor β;
- EthP;
- Ethylparaben;
- FAI;
- Free androgen index;
- fw;
- fat weight;
- GR;
- Glucocorticoid receptors;
- GnRH;
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone;
- HMW;
- High molecular weight;
- IL-6;
- Interleukin-6;
- iso-ButP;
- iso-butylparaben;
- LH;
- Luteinizing hormone;
- LMW;
- Low molecular weight;
- MBP;
- Monobutylphthalate;
- MBzP;
- Mono-benzyl phthalate;
- MCF-10A;
- Human breast epithelial cells;
- MCNP;
- Mono-(carboxylnonyl) phthalate;
- MCOP;
- Mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate;
- MECPP;
- Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate;
- MEHHP;
- Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate;
- MEHP;
- Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate;
- MEOHP;
- Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate;
- MEP;
- Monoethyl phthalate;
- MetP;
- Methylparaben;
- MiBP;
- Mono-isobutyl phthalate;
- MMP;
- Monomethyl phthalate;
- MOFs;
- Multiple oocyte follicles;
- MR;
- Mineralocorticoid receptors;
- NHANES;
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey;
- n-ButP;
- n-butylparaben;
- n-ProP;
- n-propylparaben;
- PAEs;
- Phthalate esters;
- PB;
- Parabens;
- PBDEs;
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers;
- PCOS;
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome;
- PCPs;
- Personal care products;
- PD;
- Parkinson's disease;
- PHBA;
- P-hydroxybenzoic acid;
- PHTs;
- Phthalates;
- POPs;
- Persistent organic pollutants;
- PPAR;
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors;
- PR;
- Progesterone receptor;
- ProP;
- Propylparaben;
- PVC;
- Polyvinyl chloride;
- T2DM;
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus;
- TDI;
- Tolerable Daily Intake;
- TDS;
- Testicular dysgenesis syndrome;
- TR;
- Thyroid receptors;
- ww;
- wet weight